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Gray Zone Tactics Playbook: Sonic Weapons
Gray Zone Tactics Playbook: Sonic Weapons
China's increasing use of sonic weapons as a gray zone tactic against its rivals includes sirens, sonar and long-range acoustic devices.
MAR 16, 2025
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Beijing's Quiet Aggression at Sea
China's campaign of quiet aggression has already achieved many of its expansionist maritime objectives. Its neighbors and the world have started to notice, but checking Beijing's ambitions will take more than our attention.
MAR 11, 2025
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The Silent Struggle: Countering China’s Gray Zone Operations in the South China Sea
Two recent RAND reports serve as a wake-up call: integrating resilience, capacity, and coordinated efforts isn’t just beneficial for combatting China's gray-zone warfare, it’s absolutely imperative for long-term regional stability.
MAR 6, 2025
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China’s Other Expansion Victimizes Nepal and Bhutan
As the world watches China’s increasingly aggressive moves at sea, its quiet expansion across land borders in the Himalayas serves as a reminder that its ambitions extend far beyond the South China Sea or Taiwan. China is methodically expanding its reach, targeting small, vulnerable neighbors like Nepal and Bhutan.
DEC 29, 2024

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What is SeaLight?

SeaLight is committed to lighting up the maritime gray zone so that bullies and criminals can no longer hide in the darkness while they harass law-abiding fisherfolk; destroy the marine environment and fish stocks; prevent legitimate exploration and survey activities; and violate international law and other countries' sovereign rights.
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Latest Resources

South China Sea-related materials, maps, media, databases, and more. Collected and curated in our searchable research library.
Indian Diplomacy: China’s Gray Zone Warfare
Published MAR 6, 2025
Discussion on the motives and methods that guide China’s Non-War Military Operations (NWMOs) against a range of adversaries, and how targeted countries can better detect and deter Chinese salami slicing and incremental territorial expansionism. Hosted by Dr. Sreeram Chaulia and featuring expert analysis by Ray Powell, Founder and Director of SeaLight, a research project of Stanford University, USA.
Why Should We Care About China's Gray-Zone Warfare?
Published MAR 6, 2025
RAND’s senior behavioral scientist Todd Helmus joins Jim Carouso and Ray Powell to explain how #China exploits the maritime “gray zone” to pursue its aggressive and expansionist policies without triggering open conflict.
Behind the Curtain: An Update on Hainan's Maritime Militia
Published DEC 29, 2024
December 2024 update of AMTI's list of maritime militia ships in the South China Sea.
Understanding and Countering China's Maritime Gray Zone Operations
Published DEC 12, 2024
The authors identify approaches for the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command and other elements of the U.S. military to counter and deter Chinese maritime gray zone operations.
Why Should We Care About the South China Sea's New Flashpoint?
Published SEP 16, 2024
Ray Powell and Jim Carouso discuss the recent tense and sometimes violent maritime confrontations between China and the Philippines with Southeast Asia expert Greg Poling, author of "On Dangerous Ground: America's Century in the South China Sea". They consider what these developments mean for America's long-standing alliance commitment to the Philippines, which Greg asserts is finally being treated like a "real ally" on equivalent footing with more developed countries like Japan.
60 Minutes: Danger in the South China Sea
Published SEP 16, 2024
The U.S. could be drawn into a conflict between China and the Philippines that's been roiling the South China Sea.
The South China Sea: Historical and legal background
Published SEP 12, 2024
In the South China Sea, the Chinese leadership is intent on controlling all the rocks, reefs, and resources in the waters encompassed by what has become known as the ‘nine-dash’ or ‘U-shaped’ line. This line, which first appeared on an official map published by the Republic of China (ROC) in 1948, has no legal or historical basis. It is the product of misunderstandings and mistranslations by officials and private individuals in China during the 1930s. Unfortunately, this line is the basis for ongoing confrontations and escalating geopolitical tension between the People’s Republic of China (PRC), its Southeast Asian neighbours and other countries.
Voices from the Sea
Published MAY 25, 2024
Filipino fishermen from Zambales speak out and tell us their experiences with the China Coast Guard and maritime militia, which continue to encroach on the West Philippine Sea.
Why Should We Care if China is Harassing Philippine Ships?
Published MAY 21, 2024
Jim Carouso and Ray Powell interview the Philippine Coast Guard's spokesperson for the West Philippine Sea, Commodore Jay Tarriela, about China's continuing harassment of Philippine ships at a time when the mist of the previous day's water-cannoning near Scarborough Shoal was still dissipating. They discuss the importance of countering Chinese aggression and protecting the international rules-based order. They ask Jay to weigh the benefits of the Philippines' transparency campaign against its risks, and to comment on ASEAN's reluctance to publicly back Manila in its maritime struggles and its inability to produce a South China Sea Code of Conduct.
The Six-Country Fight Over These Tiny, Terrible Islands
Published MAY 17, 2024
Well-produced Wendover Productions overview of the South China Sea dispute.
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In The News

Our finds on the latest articles and information from outside of the SeaLight team.
Chinese Want You To Believe Philippines' Palawan Island is 'Part of China'
Published MAR 22, 2025
Chinese social media has been awash with a new map and video claiming for China not just features within the 10-dash line, but the Philippine island of Palawan, which has sat outside that line. In the video, Palawan has been renamed “Zheng He Island” after the famous Chinese explorer of the 1300s. And on March 13, Manila said three Filipinos have been detained in China’s Hainan Province on allegations of espionage.
Philippines eyes expansion of Squad group to India, South Korea
Published MAR 20, 2025
The Philippines and its allies are trying to expand the Squad grouping of nations to include India and South Korea to counter China in the Indo-Pacific region, the Philippines' Armed Forces chief General Romeo S. Brawner said on Wednesday. Read more: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/939895/philippines-eyes-expansion-of-squad-group-to-india-south-korea/story/?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR0KHryGeC4kJkipLLW-Hs0KWIq3Mv0YaivXcsLvz-cOvI6xY4saTzzlG1M_aem_Ifw5syMB-4cv6u6lZ1Jv7Q More stories: https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/ Follow us: https://www.facebook.com/gmanews/
What Southeast Asian Countries Can Learn from Vietnam’s History of Negotiating Territorial Disputes with China
Published MAR 17, 2025
The involvement of an extra-regional great power in a small power’s territorial disputes with China may prove counterproductive.
How the Johnson South Reef Skirmish Set the Stage for China’s South China Sea Expansionism Policy
Published MAR 17, 2025
On March 14, 1988, a short but brutal naval skirmish between China and Vietnam at Johnson South Reef reshaped the region’s power dynamics.
Beijing lashes out at ‘arrogant and malicious’ G7 for criticism over South China Sea and Taiwan
Published MAR 17, 2025
G7 accused China of seeking to ‘unilaterally alter status quo in such a way as to risk undermining the stability of regions’
The South China Sea: Making the Philippines-US Alliance Work Under Trump 2.0
Published MAR 13, 2025
The most crucial question remains: How to deter China?
China Is Mapping the Seabed to Unlock New Edge in Warfare
Published MAR 12, 2025
Beijing’s exploration of distant waters brings security fears and complaints.
Chinese Warships Circle Australia and Leave It Feeling ‘Near-Naked’
Published MAR 12, 2025
The unusual deployment by three navy ships over the past month has prompted a debate in Australia about its aging fleet and reliance on the United States.
Indonesia to ratify South China Sea deal with Vietnam in April
Published MAR 12, 2025
The two countries concluded 12 years of negotiations on exclusive economic zones in 2022.
Beijing treads water in the South China Sea
Published MAR 13, 2025
In 2024, Southeast Asian nations countered China's increased aggressiveness in the South China Sea, managing to make modest gains despite the rise in tensions and military presence. China's attempts to control the area have not deterred states — including the Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia — from developing oil and gas projects, fortifying defenses and consolidating international support, representing a strategic setback for Beijing.
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JUL 12, 2023
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